Example 53: Modbus Control Device Configuration

Scenario Overview

Connect external control devices (such as multi-channel relay modules, motor controllers, dimmers, etc.) via Modbus RTU protocol to achieve remote control and automation linkage.

Applicable Devices

Device Type	Typical Model	Control Function
Multi-channel Relay	4/8/16-ch RS485 Relay	On/Off control
Motor Controller	VFD RS485	Speed/direction control
Dimming Module	0-10V/PWM RS485	Light brightness adjustment
Solenoid Valve	RS485 Proportional Valve	Flow control

Hardware Wiring

RS485 Interface Connection

ESP32 Pin	TTL-to-RS485 Module	Description
GPIO 16 (TX)	TXD	Serial transmit
GPIO 17 (RX)	RXD	Serial receive
GPIO 4 (optional)	DE/RE	Direction control (half-duplex)
3.3V	VCC	Power
GND	GND	Ground

Control Commands

Send Control via MQTT

Control relay:

[{"id": "modbus_relay4", "value": "relay1:1,relay2:0"}]

Control motor:

[{"id": "modbus_motor", "value": "speed:500,direction:1"}]

Adjust brightness:

[{"id": "modbus_dimmer", "value": "brightness:75"}]

Control via Web Interface

In the peripheral management page, you can directly operate the on/off or value of each control channel.

Peripheral Execution Linkage

Temperature-Linked Relay (with sensor scenario)

{
  "name": "High Temp Fan Relay",
  "enabled": true,
  "triggers": [
    {
      "type": "poll",
      "params": {
        "periphId": "modbus_temp_humi",
        "field": "temperature",
        "operator": ">",
        "threshold": 30
      }
    }
  ],
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "modbus_write",
      "params": {
        "periphId": "modbus_relay4",
        "register": 0,
        "value": 65280
      }
    }
  ]
}

Timed Light Control

{
  "name": "Turn On Light on Schedule",
  "enabled": true,
  "triggers": [
    {
      "type": "timer",
      "params": { "cron": "0 18 * * *" }
    }
  ],
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "modbus_write",
      "params": {
        "periphId": "modbus_dimmer",
        "register": 0,
        "value": 80
      }
    }
  ]
}

Button Manual Control

{
  "name": "Button Control Relay",
  "enabled": true,
  "triggers": [
    {
      "type": "event",
      "params": { "periphId": "btn1", "event": "pressed" }
    }
  ],
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "modbus_write",
      "params": {
        "periphId": "modbus_relay4",
        "register": 0,
        "value": 65280
      }
    }
  ]
}

Status Readback

Some control devices support status readback:

{
  "id": "modbus_relay4_status",
  "name": "Relay Status",
  "type": 1,
  "enabled": false,
  "pins": [16, 17],
  "params": {
    "protocol": "modbus_rtu",
    "slaveId": 10,
    "function": 1,
    "startRegister": 0,
    "registerCount": 4,
    "interval": 2000
  }
}

Function code 1 (Read Coils) is used to read coil status.

Notes

1. Function Code Selection: Use function code 5/15 for coil control, function code 6/16 for register control
2. Write Confirmation: Recommend readback after writing to confirm successful execution
3. Interlock Protection: Opposite actions (e.g., forward/reverse) must have interlock logic to prevent simultaneous activation
4. Power-off Memory: Some relay modules support power-off memory, restoring last state after restart
5. Response Timeout: Control devices respond quickly, recommended timeout setting 500-1000ms
6. Safety Interlock: Critical device control should include hardware emergency stop buttons, not relying solely on software control